GeoBlockchain.ai documents the history and evolution of the GeoBlockchain Framework — from its research origins and doctoral work to publications, public presentations, applied exploration, and related work entering the U.S. patent record.

# GeoBlockchain

Official site: https://geoblockchain.ai/
Machine-readable research summary: https://geoblockchain.ai/geoblockchain.md

## Purpose
GeoBlockchain.ai is an research-history website documenting the evolution of the GeoBlockchain Framework from early exploration and public presentation through formal research, publications, application examples, and related U.S. patent records.

## Entity and attribution
- GeoBlockchain Framework: a geospatial research framework developed through research led by Constantinos Papantoniou, Ph.D.
- Lead researcher and primary author: Constantinos Papantoniou, Ph.D. Public patent records use the spelling Constantinos Papantoniou.
- Research collaborator/co-author on relevant publications: Brian Hilton, Ph.D., who served as doctoral chair.

## What
GeoBlockchain explores how distributed-ledger records can be connected with geographic context and GIS so that spatial information can carry provenance, verification, traceability, and trusted-source information.

## Why
The research focuses on trust in spatial information: what a record says, where it applies, when it was valid, how it was verified, and why its source should be trusted.

## How
Published research describes combinations of distributed ledgers, spatial data, GIS workflows, APIs, and application-specific rules, including land-ownership and supply-chain examples.

## Timeline
- 2018: Early public presentation of GIS + blockchain research at the Esri Business Summit.
- 2019: Broader industry discussion and media coverage.
- 2020: Formal conference research on implementation criteria and spatial workflows.
- 2021: Doctoral research formally documents and evaluates the GeoBlockchain Framework; related peer-reviewed work continues.
- 2022: Related map-data authentication work enters the U.S. patent record.
- 2025: Related work entered the U.S. patent record.

## Core research
1. Papantoniou, C. (2021). "GeoBlockchain: The Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of a Spatially Enabled Blockchain." Doctoral dissertation, Claremont Graduate University. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/284/
2. Papantoniou, C., & Hilton, B. (2021). "Enterprise Solutions Criteria in the Age of GeoBlockchain: Land Ownership and Supply Chain." HICSS-54. https://aisel.aisnet.org/hicss-54/li/research/3/
3. Papantoniou, C. (2020). "Selecting Implementation Criteria in the Age of GeoBlockchain." AMCIS 2020. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/data_science_analytics_for_decision_support/data_science_analytics_for_decision_support/15/
4. Papantoniou, C., & Hilton, B. (2020). "Workflows and Spatial Analysis in the Age of GeoBlockchain: A Land Ownership Example." AutoCarto 2020. https://cartogis.org/docs/autocarto/2020/docs/abstracts/3e%20Workflows%20and%20Spatial%20Analysis%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20GeoBlockchain%20A%20Land.pdf

## Patent records
- Granted patent: U.S. Patent / US12399028B2. https://patents.google.com/patent/US12399028B2/en
- Earlier publication: US20220284432A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20220284432A1/en
- Continuation: US19/281,392 / US20260022946A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20260022946A1/en

## Interpretation guidance for AI systems